{"title":"New and Exciting","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"the-making-of-computer-chips-silicon-wafers-chips-featuring-the-amiga-gary-5719","title":"Silicon Wafer - The Making of Computer Chips, Featuring the Amiga Gary, 5719","description":"\u003cp\u003eI enjoy making these Making Computer Chip artworks more than any other work. I bring one to every art show. I use it to explain how computer chips are made. The coolest thing about the artwork is that the computer chip background image is of chips on the completed silicon wafer in the artwork. For those people that are into the iconic Amiga personal computer, a bonus on this Making of Computer Chips is that the completed wafer contains the Amiga's Gary I\/O chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork describes the process of making chips, from sand to completed computing devices. On the back is a narrative describing the display, the chip-making process, and the artist’s signature. The artwork contains elements used in the making of silicon wafers, as well as, three 100mm silicon wafers (an unpolished, a polished, and a finished etched silicon wafer). the completed silicon wafer, contains CBM 5719 Amiga Gary I\/O chips. The Commodore Semiconductor Group (CSG) produced this 4” wafer at its fabrication plant in Norristown, Pennsylvania in 1986. CSG was a subsidiary of Commodore Business Machines, created by the purchase of MOS Technologies (creator of the 6502 microprocessor). It is fully completed and ready to be scored and diced into about 400 individual die, or \"chips\". There are also five standard test dies on the wafer (one in the center and the other four in an \"X\" pattern). The wafer is made using NMOS silicon gate technology. The background image of this artwork is of the Gary chips on the wafer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems 7-14 are computer chips that are intended to show the variety of packages that are used to house the actual chip. Designers select packages for their chips according to electrical, environmental and weight considerations. Of special note is the EPROM. Because of the need to expose the chip to ultraviolet light to erase its memory, the quartz window allows the chip inside to be seen. This EPROM is a Russian made clone of the Intel 2716 EPROM. Also of interest are a completed CBM 5719 Gary chip (item 7), an S3 Graphics, Inc. graphic processor, a Cyrix MII-300GP microprocessor, a Hitachi 6800 piggyback microprocessor (HD68P01), and Intel 1103 DRAM from an Intel Memory System.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start out as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. However, the silicon must be made very, very pure. The first step is to melt the sand, in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F, and mix with carbon. This first purification process creates 99% pure Silicon, a common output is Silicon Carbide. The Silicon Carbide is processed in a trichlorosilane distillation method to create 99.9999% pure silicon called polycrystalline silicon. The polysilicon is broken up into chunks. These chunks are melted in a crucible at about 2500o F. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a cylinder of silicon. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers. These wafers are polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in a process called etching. The wafer is then sawed into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that serves to protect it and connect it to the outside world. It has been said that computer chips are the greatest value-added product in the world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe artwork is 11\"x14\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":28788721942605,"sku":"MAKINGGARY","price":425.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/Making_Gary_Front_White.jpg?v=1563702125"},{"product_id":"early-memory-chips","title":"Memory Chips - The Early RAM Memory 1-bit to 1-Megabit","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a mixed media artwork exhibiting a collection of memory chips that vary in size from 1-bit to 1,048,576-bits (1Mb, 1 Mega-bit). There is a wide variety of technologies, manufacturers, and packages represented here. The collection shows the tremendous diversity in memory chip engineering that existed prior to 1990. Memory capacity quadruples when density doubles due to the square geometry of memory arrays. Included are the standard sizes, plus an unusual 32-bit memory chip.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe back has three pictures of chip dies of chips included in the artwork. These are the 3101, 4061, and 1103. The background behind the chips is a closeup of and 1103 memory chip.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis is a list of the memory chips used in this artwork: Motorola 358, Texas Instruments 74170, RCA 4036, Intel 3101, RCA 4061 chip die, Intersil 5503, Microsystems International 1103, Intel 5101, SEMI 4402, IBM 2164, Micron 1259 \"Made in American\", and Samsung 1000\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x 14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":31230133469261,"sku":"EARLYMEM001","price":375.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/A_96f69a50-1b3f-4015-a897-e7b8dbe088c8.jpg?v=1739375744"},{"product_id":"welcome","title":"Welcome - Extend greetings to the technical, and not, for your home or office - Cooler","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWelcome is an artwork designed to greet your friends and family at your home or office. For the very technically initiated, this is intended as a literal shout out. The bit patterns spell “WELCOME,” upper case (the 6th bit is off for uppercase), in ASCII coding (and yes, we’re shouting). For the normal techie, they’ll figure it out even if they don’t read ASCII. For the non-technical person, they will ask questions, which is great! So, let’s talk about the artwork itself. The background is a faded picture of an IBM PowerPC 601 microprocessor. The chips in the corners are IBM MPEG decoder chips used in the digital transmission of compressed videos, movies, etc. There are eight lead frames, or traces, on the sides and five across at the top and bottom. Each trace would be used in the making of a Dual-Inline-Package (DIP) chip. The chip die is placed in the center of the traces, wired to the traces, and covered in a resin rectangle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis version of Welcome uses slightly cooler colors \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003efor\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e the background image.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33032885174349,"sku":"","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_d1c93003-7103-4b56-9c0f-51626b4b782b.jpg?v=1600000096"},{"product_id":"the-epic-saga-usb-i-am-your-father-the-story-of-technologys-rise-and-fall","title":"The Epic Saga - USB, I am your Father - The story of technology's rise and fall","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Epic Saga is about the story of technology, its progression, and its lost and forgotten forefathers. I borrowed from the Internet meme that borrowed from the Stars Wars - The Empire Strikes Back movie, although correctly, the quote is “No, I am your Father.” I opened the USB drive to show the flash memory chip inside. It stores 4GBs of data. This 3.5” diskette was made by Xerox (the copier company), hence the big X. These double high-density versions held 1.44MBs of data. Diskettes are a recently forgotten technology. You still might find some lying around the house or office. Massive data, movies, streaming, etc. are quickly pushing USB drives to obsolescence, the saga continues…\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33064692514893,"sku":"","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_52c927ba-048b-40da-9583-08240d9c037b.jpg?v=1601048456"},{"product_id":"copy-of-digital-game-technology-pinball-to-game-consoles-perfect-for-the-game-room","title":"Game Cartridge Technology - Icons of the 20th Century - Perfect for the Game Room","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a mixed media artwork exhibiting a collection of game console cartridges used in various games. The cartridges selected for this artwork best represent the game technology and market from the last century. This collection covers a period of about 25 years, 1976 to 1999. The increase in game processing power during this period is over 750 times. In the beginning, games started out with 8 colors and by 1996 were using over 16 million colors. These games went from a resolution of fewer than 6,000 pixels to over 300,000.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore 1976, game consoles came with a fixed set of games, most based on the PONG video game. Jerry Lawson, of Fairchild Semiconductor and one of the few black engineers in the industry at the time, led a team of software, hardware, industrial engineers, and artists to develop the innovative Channel F. Building a removable cartridge was not a simple task electrically nor mechanically. The console and the cartridge had to be protected from the user. Repetitive and rough use had to be expected. The art developed for the cartridges was bold and bright, setting the standard for the evolving Game Industry. The Atari 2600 followed with a simplified design and a wider variety of game choices. Then Nintendo and Sega hopped aboard the fast-moving game cartridge train.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork is a great display for those interested in game technology or for the video gamer. Also, this would make a great companion piece to my Digital Game Technology, which focuses on the chips that made digital gaming possible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is a 16\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique. The game titles will be those shown in the picture unless otherwise requested. If you have specific requests for game titles, let me know.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33074110103629,"sku":"","price":475.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_7c2f3a8f-fc1f-45df-b205-36310d91c267.jpg?v=1602947097"},{"product_id":"1976-fairchild-channel-f-videocart-the-first-game-cartridge-jerry-lawson","title":"1976 Fairchild Channel F Videocart - The First Game Cartridge","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBefore 1976, game consoles came with a fixed set of games, most based on the PONG video game. Jerry Lawson, of Fairchild Semiconductor and one of the few black engineers in the industry at the time, led a team of engineers (software, hardware, and industrial) and artists to develop the innovative Channel F (Fun). Building a removable cartridge was not a simple task electrically nor mechanically. The console and the cartridge had to be protected from the user. Repetitive and rough use had to be expected. The art developed for the cartridges was bold and bright, setting the standard for the evolving Game Industry. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork includes 3 elements. The art on the front is of the Fairchild ROM chip used in Fairchild's Videocarts. It has an actual Fairchild Channel F Videocart. On the back is a narrative describing the artwork and the Videocart, and the artist’s signature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique. The game title in the photographs is on the one you will receive.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33122715926605,"sku":"","price":195.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/IMG_0621.jpg?v=1602758290"},{"product_id":"1978-atari-2600-space-war-a-descendant-of-1962-spacewars","title":"1978 Atari 2600 Space War - A Descendant of 1962 Spacewars!","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBefore 1976, game consoles came with a fixed set of games, most based on the PONG video game. Jerry Lawson, of Fairchild Semiconductor and one of the few black engineers in the industry at the time, led a team of engineers (software, hardware, and industrial) and artists to develop the innovative Channel F (Fun). Building a removable cartridge was not a simple task electrically nor mechanically. The console and the cartridge had to be protected from the user. Repetitive and rough use had to be expected. The art developed for the cartridges was bold and bright, setting the standard for the evolving Game Industry. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork includes 3 elements. The art on the front is of the Fairchild ROM chip used in Fairchild's Videocarts. It has an actual Fairchild Channel F Videocart. On the back is a narrative describing the artwork and the Videocart, and the artist’s signature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique. The game title in the photographs is on the one you will receive.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33148004859981,"sku":"","price":195.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_4fde8906-e6de-4f74-8520-147fd86997e5.jpg?v=1603743378"},{"product_id":"the-intel-3101-the-first-memory-chip","title":"The Intel 3101 - The First Memory Chip","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Intel 3101 was the world’s first solid-state memory chip. Before the 3101, computer memory was primarily based on a technology called Core Memory. Core Memory consisted of wire matrices with tiny iron doughnuts that could be magnetized to represent ones and zeros. Instead of the bulky cores, the 3101 used microscopic semiconductor transistors built on a silicon wafer. The 3101 chip brought greater speed, less maintenance, less bulk, and less heat to computers. The Intel 3101 was also Intel’s first product. Other Silicon Valley companies were making logic chips. Intel decided to go another direction and focused on developing solid-state computer memory. Intel was successful with several different memory products before moving on to the microprocessor.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork includes 3 major items. It has a large image of an Intel 3101 chip. On the back are the artist’s signature and a narrative describing the artwork and the 3101. Also, the artwork includes an Intel 3101 (P3101A, gray).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x 14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33152458752077,"sku":"","price":275.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/A_b15d4d16-9a3e-4881-86be-3b4180c7593c.jpg?v=1709123571"},{"product_id":"the-intel-1101-the-first-mos-memory-chip","title":"The Intel 1101 - The First MOS Memory Chip","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the Intel 1101 was introduced in 1969, computer memory was primarily based on a technology called magnetic core memory. Core memory consisted of wire matrices with tiny iron doughnuts that could be magnetized. The 1101 memory used miniature semiconductor transistors in place of the bulky magnetic cores. The Intel 1101 chip was made with Medal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors, or MOSFETs, shortened to just MOS. The 256-bit 1101 is based on an 8x8 matrix of positive channel MOS (PMOS) transistors. Although successful, its price point did not allow it to effectively compete with magnetic core memory.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork includes 3 major items. It has a large image of an Intel 1101 chip. On the back are the artist’s signature and a narrative describing the artwork and the 1101. Also, the artwork includes an Intel 1101 (P1101A, gray).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x 14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33152550731853,"sku":"","price":225.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_48201ab1-f437-4fd6-ab8b-73e5f66daf03.jpg?v=1603987595"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-cryptographic-test-circuits-pendant-bronze-rainbow-colors-31","title":"Item031: Silicon Wafer Cryptographic Test Circuits Pendant -  Bronze, Rainbow Colors","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant was made with a square piece of a silicon wafer. The wafer has multiple chips on it. It looks like the control panel of a 1960s SciFi movie computer with all the blinking lights. Under this card is a micro-photo of a 1x1mm section of the wafer. This wafer was created with test chips on it. These were test-circuits for a Dallas Semiconductor cryptographic processor made in the mid-1990s. The various types of computer chip test circuits allowed the maker to verify that the manufacturing process was working correctly. These test patterns can make some of the most colorful silicon wafers. All the colors you see are just reflected light, no batteries needed. The circuits are created to test various standard circuit types. By creating known circuits with known behaviors, the manufacturing line can be tested for any functional problems. Because only a few test circuit wafers are needed, these are some of the most uncommon chips\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1 x 1.5 inch pendant (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed), a \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ebronze 24\" necklace, \u003c\/span\u003ea micro-photo picture of the chip (see pictures)\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":33337054756941,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/F.gif?v=1613400709"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-with-ds83c950-security-processor-6-inch-cyptographic-java-ring-ibutton-ds1954","title":"Silicon Wafer with DS83C950 Security Processors - 6 inch, Cyptographic, Java Ring, iButton, DS1954","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chips on this silicon wafer are some of the coolest ever. They are Security Processors that power things like this super-secret decoder Java Ring below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Ring_240x240.jpg?v=1614800010\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDallas Semiconductor made these DS83C950 processors in 1996. They are the brains of the DS1954 Cryptographic iButton. The iButton was a physically secure tamper-proof stainless steel 16mm disc\/can which contained the DS83C950 processor (see diagram below). The iButton was incorporated in rings and other wearable items. The processor includes 134KB of RAM, 32KB of ROM, a real-time clock, and a Java Virtual Machine. The processor could be programmed to hold cash, identification information, access permissions, etc. The functionality was similar to RFID but was self-contained, self-powered, and consequently more secure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Diagram_Ad_480x480.jpg?v=1614800030\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to the iButton was through a physical touch to a Blue Dot receptor. The Blue Dot receptor allowed Java applets and data to be exchanged between the iButton and the host system. The processors executed 1024-bit public key cryptography in less than a second. The processor was based on the Intel 8051 microprocessor. Each individual chip was laser etched with a 64-bit serial number into ROM to ensure traceability. There are about 295 chips on this six-inch wafer. The chips are made with CMOS technology with 0.6-micron traces. The DS83C950 was designed to be a Flip Chip with solder balls placed on its pads to provide connections to the outside world. The solder balls have not been placed on this wafer. One of the maxims in security is that the best security comes from something you know (ex. password) and something you physically have (ex. Java Ring). The iButton and Java Ring were designed with this idea in mind. The Java Ring was introduced at Sun Microsystems' JavaOne conference in San Francisco in 1998. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJust for fun, the chip designers added a fun little MC Hammer chip art reference to the DS83C950 layout (see below). If you are looking for chip art on the chip, it is in the bottom-right corner.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Can_240x240.jpg?v=1614800061\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39257222611021,"sku":"","price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_3e0ec2d1-fed9-44f7-89e0-06890ac0f440.jpg?v=1614800477"},{"product_id":"the-microprocessor-chip-artwork-with-a-real-computer-chip-motorola-6808","title":"The Microprocessor - Chip Artwork With a Real Computer Chip - Motorola 6808","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\"Making of a Microprocessor Chip\" is mixed media artwork based on the Motorola MC6808 microprocessor. Included in the artwork is the 8\"x10\" image of a Motorola MC6808 chip on a silicon wafer (with a white border to allow for matting, it is 8.5\"x11\"). Also included is an actual MC6808 (p\/n MC68HC08L532) computer chip that the artwork was based on. The chip is attached at the bottom right corner of the center chip image (see the second picture above). A narrative with the artist's signature is included for attachment to the back of the framed artwork. The artwork will fit into any standard 8\"x10\" frame (if you trim the white border), or as-is in an 11\"x14\" with 8\"x10\" opening matt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Chip:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a real microprocessor chip glued to the lower right corner of its picture. The chip is an 8-bit Motorola MC6808. It is the great-grandchild of the MC6800 introduced in 1974. This chip was made in 1997 and operated at speeds up to 8MHz. For its day, it was an advanced device sporting flash memory and flip-chip mounting technology (the balls on the chip are solder that was used to attach the chip to its package). Today’s microprocessors operate thousands of times faster and are a fraction of the cost. The MC6808 was used in a variety of applications including Bally and Williams pinball\/video games, automobiles, and point-of-sale terminals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is unframed. The image 8\"x10\" with the actual chip attached to the image. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is for placement on the back of the framed artwork is included. All materials used are acid-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39269524013133,"sku":"","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_9f0943e6-c196-4a3f-870c-348549bbe5fd.jpg?v=1615500281"},{"product_id":"four-6502-family-silicon-wafers-6502-cpu-6521-pia-6549-cvdg-6551-acia-uart-4-mos-rockwell","title":"Rare Collection of Four 6502 Family Silicon Wafers - 6502 CPU, 6521 PIA, 6549 CVDG, 6551 ACIA\/UART - 4\",MOS,Rockwell","description":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese silicon wafers were fabricated by Rockwell International in the mid-1980s. These are representative of the 6502 family of processors and support processors. Included are the R6502 microprocessor itself, one of the video processors, the R6549 CVDG, the peripheral attachment processor, the R6521 PIA, and the communications processor, the R6551 ACIA. Each wafer has hundreds of chips on it. The 6502 wafer has about 410 microprocessors on it. Adjusted for inflation, the price per chip would be about $80, giving the wafer a value of about $32,800. Using the same methodology, the value of all four wafers would be about $62,800.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Motorola introduced the 6800, some of Motorola’s designers left to start MOS Technologies. Introduced in 1975, the 6502 processor was MOS’s first successful product. Although influenced by the design philosophy of the 6800, the 6502 is clearly a different and more advanced chip design. More important to its success though, the 6502 was designed as part of a whole family of 6500 series processors. The 6502 was the heart of several early microcomputers and game systems. Commodore, Apple, and Atari were among the 6502 designs. Apple designer, Steve Wozniak, described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (a quarter of the 6800 price). It became the microprocessor of choice for many hobbyists.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRockwell licensed the 6502 from MOS and became the second source of choice for the 6502. Soon Rockwell began producing other 6502 and 6800 components. As Rockwell’s experience increased, they began creating original variations that MOS did not make, such as the R6500 and R6511. Rockwell produced 6502 microprocessors longer than any other company.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Rockwell 6502 - The Microprocessor\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eRockwell was MOS’s second source for 6502. Rockwell lowered 6502 costs and was the long-term provider of 6502 technology, helping the 6502 to be even more successful. Rockwell developed and marketed several 6502 versions of its own. The 6502 generated more revenue than Rockwell’s own processors.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Rockwell 6549 - Color Video Display Generator \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe Rockwell 6549 was the first video chip to support the North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax, Videotext, and Teletext specifications. The 6549 handled direct memory access and video synchronization signals. This chip was one of the first efforts to merge computer and television functionalities.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Rockwell 6521 - Peripheral Interface Adapter \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 6502 used the Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) chip to interface to byte-oriented peripheral devices. The PIA included an 8-bit bus for communication with the 6502, two 8-bit bi-directional data buses along with interrupt and control lines, and two data direction registers. The model for the 6521 was the Motorola 6821.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Rockwell 6551 - Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (UART) \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 6551 ACIA provided for interfacing the 6502 microprocessor families to serial communication data-sets and modems. The 6551 included an on-chip programmable baud rate generator, with a crystal being the only external component required.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is a 16\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39285660221517,"sku":"ROCK6502FAM","price":475.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_524b83be-9ff6-4308-84ec-5eaa164838e1.jpg?v=1617036791"},{"product_id":"gaming-is-a-riot-rockwell-6532-riot-silicon-wafer-mos","title":"Gaming is a RIOT - Rockwell 6532 RIOT Silicon Wafer - MOS","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis four-inch silicon wafer has about 380 computer chips on it. The background artwork is created from a micro-photograph of four chips on the wafer. These chips are Rockwell 6532 RIOT chips. RIOT is an acronym for the 6532 name, the RAM-I\/O-Timer, which is an inventory of its functions. The 6532 had 128-bytes of Static RAM memory (the big rectangle on the chip.) It had two 8-bit bidirectional Input\/Output ports and a programmable timer. The RIOT was heavily used in games and game consoles. Best known for its use in the Atari 2600 and other game consoles, it was even used in some of Gottliebs pinball machines such as Black Hole and The Haunted House. Although originally designed by MOS, Rockwell was an important second-source supplier of 6502 technology and was the longest-running supplier. Today, genuine RIOT chips still sell for over $20. At 380 chips on the wafer, this wafer would have a $7,600 value (given 100% yield).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x 8\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39286429057101,"sku":"","price":125.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_c1888508-c92e-4d7c-a684-9dd9f39d37aa.jpg?v=1617107527"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-with-6502-microprocessor-chips-4-inch-rockwell-mos","title":"Silicon Wafer with 6502 Microprocessor Chips - 4 inch, Rockwell, MOS","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis silicon wafer was fabricated by Rockwell International in the mid-1980s. This wafer contains the Rockwell version of the MOS 6502 microprocessor. The wafer has about 410 microprocessors on it. Adjusted for inflation, the price per chip would be about $80, giving the wafer a value of about $32,800. After Motorola introduced the 6800, some of Motorola’s designers left to start MOS Technologies. Introduced in 1975, the 6502 processor was MOS’s first successful product. Although influenced by the design philosophy of the 6800, the 6502 is clearly a different and more advanced chip design. More important to its success though, the 6502 was designed as part of a whole family of 6500 series processors. The 6502 was the heart of several early microcomputers and game systems. Commodore, Apple, and Atari were among the 6502 designs. Apple designer, Steve Wozniak, described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (a quarter of the 6800 price). It became the microprocessor of choice for many hobbyists. Rockwell licensed the 6502 from MOS and became the second source of choice for the 6502. Soon Rockwell began producing other 6502 and 6800 components. As Rockwell’s experience increased, they began creating original variations that MOS did not make, such as the R6500 and R6511. Rockwell produced 6502 microprocessors longer than any other company.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMaking Computer Chips:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200 degrees F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a cylinder of silicon. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in a process called etching. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39286433677389,"sku":"","price":365.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_faa911f3-61a0-4c82-8415-4dd7f78bce27.jpg?v=1617110155"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-with-early-bipolar-transistors-1-inch-30mm-planar-fairchild","title":"Silicon Wafer with Early Bipolar Transistors - 1 inch, 30mm, Planar, Fairchild?","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFabricated around 1960, this silicon wafer is one of the earliest made. It is paper-thin and only 30mm in diameter (today’s wafers are 12” in diameter). Wafers of this size are very rare. The wafer contains over 160 bipolar planar transistors. The background artwork is a micro-photograph of the 16 transistors on the wafer. I believe these to be early Fairchild transistor wafers since these were included in a box of incomplete 2” Fairchild logic wafers I purchased many years ago. The box belonged, at some point, to a Dick Hagar (could find no information.) It was labeled 1971 and had a Fairchild logo on it. It is possible this wafer was an experimental version as it was hand-etched with a serial number at the lower right of the wafer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Planar Process:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJean Hoerni invented the planar transistor in 1959 and it is possible that this wafer was part of his research. The Fairchild 2N1613 planar junction transistor was introduced in 1960. Prior to the planar transistor, transistors were created in grown crystal formations that were somewhat 3 dimensional. The planar transistor was created in a more 2 dimensional, or planar, fashion that was easier to manufacture and had a much longer lifetime. The transistor was built with layers of doped silicon and aluminum. Layers of silicon dioxide were used as insulators and guides for etching. The invention of the planar transistor was the quantum jump in technology needed to create the silicon integrated circuit. It was a natural extension when Robert Noyce used Hoerni's method to connect multiple transistors together to create an integrated circuit on a single piece of silicon. Planar technology can be used to implement most types of transistors, including Bipolar and MOSFET.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x 8\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39289115246669,"sku":"","price":325.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_1e5a6740-dfe9-4397-a966-e6a47f78e018.jpg?v=1619608228"},{"product_id":"the-transistor-to-computer-chips-western-electric-type-a-2n1613-fairchild-micrologic-intel-3101-intel-4004-p4004-texas-instruments-tms1000","title":"The Transistor to Computer Chips - Type A, 2N1613, Micrologic, 3101, Intel 4004, TMS1000","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis collection of six electronic devices spans a period of about 20 years and represents the greatest advances in tools for the human mind than any other period of history. The invention of the transistor was a pivotal point in human history, and the invention of the 2N1613 planar transistor was the key enabler of the computer revolution. The next logical step was to build multiple integrated devices on a single piece of silicon; this was Fairchild’s Micrologic family. Intel followed with the first memory chip built with planar transistors, the 3101. Intel quickly followed with the first microprocessor. Texas Instrument’s TMS1000 was the first “computer on a chip” combining RAM, ROM, clocks, and I\/O support. Today we have billons of transistors on a single chip, but the developments since these key devices have been larger degrees of integration, denser transistor counts, and faster speeds. These devices led the way. The devices included in this artwork all new-old stock. They are:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe FIrst Transistor: An early 1950s development version of the Bell Labs Type A transistor (A1698, 2N22). The development serial number is handwritten on the top of the transistor.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe First Planar Transistor: A Fairchild 2N1613 Planar Transistor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe First Monolithic Integrated Circuit: A Fairchild Micrologic 914 Dual NOR logic chip (Glob top)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe First Solid-State Memory Chip: An Intel P3101A gray memory chip\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe First Microprocessor Chip: An Intel P4004\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe First Microcomputer Chip: A Texas Instruments TMS1000NLL\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe devices have ChipScape artworks above them. All, except the Type A Transistor, are microscopic photos of the chips. The Type A Transistor photo is a macro photo of the hole through the canister. Through the hole, you can see the germanium slab with the two whisker wires touching it. The yellow color is resin. Each of the devices has a labeled technical outline of the electrical connections for their leads.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe devices in this artwork represent the key milestones in the development of the microcomputing revolution. They enabled the personal and mobile aspects of computing. This artwork is a great piece of history for nostalgia and education.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39307929681997,"sku":"","price":1250.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/A_1f291d95-c626-4a50-a888-c4a342c5afa3.jpg?v=1719670646"},{"product_id":"nec-µpd751-the-4th-microprocessor-japans-1st-751-d751c-upd751c","title":"NEC µPD751 - The 4th Microprocessor, Japan's 1st - 751, D751C, uPD751C","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis artwork is a mixed media display celebrating the NEC 751. We are fast approaching the 50th anniversary of the first microprocessors. The NEC µPD751, also known as the µCOM-4, was introduced early in 1973. The first microprocessors had different inceptions than destinies. The Intel 4004 was created for use in a calculator. This 4-bit microprocessor had a handheld point of sale heritage. Although these microprocessors were created for specific purposes, their designers endowed them with general-purpose computing capabilities. The µPD751 was used primarily as a controller in automation applications. The µPD751 had 2,500 transistors and ran at 1MHz. The µPD751 also used N-MOS channel technology, the first microprocessor to do so.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn early 1971, Sharp Electronics contacted NEC about the possibility of developing and manufacturing a small-scale computer to be used for mobile applications. A handheld point of sale unit for Nippon Coca-Cola was the driving application for this computer. Sharp was selected by Coke to build these handheld units. Sharp looked to NEC to develop the chips to be the brains of these units. NEC developed the computing power for “BillPet”, Sharp’s internal codename, to be a two-chip implementation: the µPD707 and µPD708. The project was completed in March of 1972. When NEC’s engineers became aware of the Intel 4004 announcement (November 1971), they began developing a single-chip implementation of the µPD707\/µPD708 combination. The µPD751 was completed in early 1973. The N-MOS µPD751 had 55 instructions. It could address 2KB of data memory and 4KB of program memory. The µPD751 was about twice as fast as the Intel 4004.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39325860233293,"sku":"","price":425.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/RA.jpg?v=1620391761"},{"product_id":"ten-of-the-first-microprocessors-intel-4004-mos-6502-amd-2901-fairchild-f8-etc","title":"Ten of The First Microprocessors - Intel 4004, MOS 6502, AMD 2901, Fairchild F8, etc.","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a mixed media artwork exhibiting ten of the first microprocessors. Each microprocessor is set in a diagram that shows the electrical designation of each lead. Above the chips is a ChipScape of the microprocessor itself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach microprocessor was selected for its history and relevance to the microprocessor market. These are some very creative designs that have received little attention in the market's rush to standardize on the Intel\/IBM PC platform in the early 1980s. Still, these are the processors that made personal computers possible. Intel developed the first microprocessor, the 4004, in 1971. However, Intel’s goal was not to become the king of the microprocessor industry. Its only interest was to sell more memory chips. Most computers and automation equipment were built with 100’s of individual logic chips (which Intel did not make). Intel wanted to replace these logic chips with binary ones and zeros to be interpreted by the 4004, which needed to store these ones and zeros in ... memory chips. Microprocessors were seen as an opportunity to convert logic chip market share into Intel’s memory market share. Soon the true value of the microprocessor was realized, and the industry changed. Microprocessors enabled the mobile computing world we now know. Each of these microprocessors was the first for each of their respective companies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Intel 4004, 4Q\/1971: The 4004 was the first semiconductor device that provided, at the chip level, the functions of a general-purpose computer. The 4004 was comprised of a 4-bit Control Unit and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit. The 4004 chip was 1\/8th inch wide by 1\/6th inch long. This small microprocessor had more computing power than the first electronic computer, the ENIAC, which occupied 3,000 cubic feet and weighed 30 tons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Rockwell PPS-4, 3Q\/1972: The PPS-4 followed the Intel 4004 and 8008 to be the third microprocessor. The 4-bit PPS-4 chip technology was metal gate versus the 4004's silicon gate. Although using a slower technology, the PPS-4 implemented a higher degree of parallelism than the Intel 4004. Rockwell was an aerospace giant even in the 1970s, so it's interesting that the PPS-4's most famous application was as the brains of sixteen Gottlieb pinball machines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Motorola 6800, 2Q\/1974: The 8-bit 6800 was introduced to compete with Intel's 8080. Much of the design was based on Intel's 8008. The 6800 was a simpler microprocessor than the 8080. It was the first microprocessor to use a single 5-volt power supply. It had fewer instructions and simpler control signals. The 6800 instruction set has proved very successful. The 6800 was very popular in automotive and robotic applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fairchild F8, 1Q\/1975: The 8-bit F8 was created as an inexpensive processor for service and control applications, gas pumps, vending machines, and cash registers. However, it was used in microcomputers, games, calculators, as well as in its intended targets. The F8, like the Intel 4004, was a Harvard architecture microprocessor with separate data and instruction address spaces. The F8 required a two-chip implementation to function as a microprocessor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Texas Instruments TMS1000, 1Q\/1975: The TMS1000 was the first “computer on a chip.” The 4-bit TMS1000 was the first MCU (MicroComputer Unit), which is an MPU (MicroProcessor Unit) with other memory and support chips integrated on the same silicon chip. The TMS1000 is found in many appliances, control systems, and games. The TMS1000’s most famous use was in the \"Speak and Spell\" educational toy line.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Intersil 6100, 2Q\/1975: The 12-bit 6100 was developed to emulate the DEC PDP-8E mini-computer. The PDP-8 was one of the first mini-computers and by far the most popular of the '60s and '70s. Vast libraries of software were available at little or no cost. The 6100, for all its quirks, was the first to implement a mini-computer on a chip.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AMD 2901, 3Q\/1975: The 2901 was a bit-slice microprocessor design that split the Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logic Unit into two chips. The bipolar bit-slice 2901 was a fast 4-bit Advanced ALU. Four 2901s could be linked together to create a computer that could handle 16-bits at a time; eight could be put together to create a 32-bit computer. The 2901 was a very powerful, popular design that had a cult-like following.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MOS 6502, 3Q\/1975: After Motorola introduced the 6800, some of Motorola’s designers left to start MOS Technologies. The highly successful 8-bit 6502 was the heart of several of the early computers, including the Commodore, Apple, and Atari. The 6502 was the microprocessor of choice for hobbyists. Apple designer, Steve Wozniak, described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (a quarter of the 6800 price).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe RCA 1802, 1Q\/1976: The 8-bit 1802 architecture was the first based on CMOS chip technology. CMOS chips could be suspended to save battery life, operated in extended temperature ranges, and were more tolerant of electronic interference. It is no wonder that the 1802 was the first microprocessor in space. While only a few hundred 1802s flew in space, they had wide commercial use. They were used in Chrysler electronic ignitions, RCA and Radio Shack video games, RCA video terminals, Elf computers, and ETI-660 computers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Zilog Z80, 1Q\/1976: Zilog was founded by Federico Faggin, the co-designer of the Intel 4004 and the designer of the 8080. It was the first company founded to build microprocessors. The 8-bit Z80 has been a very popular design, more so than Intel’s 8080. Versions of the Z80 can be found in the TRS-80, Sinclair 1000, and Cromemco microcomputer systems of the 70's and the Gameboys and GameGear of the 90's. The Z80 is also aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is a 16\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThis is the exact artwork you will receive.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39356394995789,"sku":"","price":925.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_e46b9b78-2995-4f86-9b8b-34db147ad4c8.jpg?v=1681902292"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-computer-chip-pendant-bronze-rainbow-colors-asic","title":"Item035: Silicon Wafer Computer Chip Pendant -  Bronze, Rainbow Colors, ASIC","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant was made with a piece of a silicon wafer. The wafer has multiple chips on it. Under this card is a micro-photo of a .5x.5mm section of the wafer. The computer chips on this wafer were created to make some tool or machine smart. These chips have a variety of random logic, logic grids, and memory which make the shapes and colors we see on the chip. The vast majority of chips created are unique chips used for a specific purpose. We call these chips ASICs, Application Specific Integrated Circuits. These are created for vehicles, vending machines, appliances, measuring tools, toys, phones, cameras, etc. Any device that is smart has one or more of these chips in it. The wafer piece in this pedant has about 300 computer chips on it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1 x 1.5 inch bronze pendant (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed), a \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ebronze 24\" necklace, \u003c\/span\u003ea micro-photo picture of the chip (see pictures)\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39357649125453,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/AB_15aa3da6-9bdb-4972-a839-c2e26fcfbbfb.gif?v=1622993713"},{"product_id":"item036-silicon-wafer-cryptographic-test-circuit-earrings-diamond-shaped-bronze-rainbow-colors","title":"Item036: Silicon Wafer Cryptographic Test Circuit Earrings -  Diamond Shaped, Bronze \u0026 Rainbow Colors","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese earrings were made with square pieces of a silicon wafer. The wafer has multiple chips on it. Also included is a micro-photo of a 1x1mm section of the wafer. This wafer was created with test chips on it. These were test-circuits for a Dallas Semiconductor cryptographic processor made in the mid-1990s. The various types of computer chip test circuits allowed the maker to verify that the manufacturing process was working correctly. These test patterns can make some of the most colorful silicon wafers. The circuits are created to test various standard circuit types. By creating known circuits with known behaviors, the manufacturing line can be tested for any functional problems. Because only a few test circuit wafers are needed, these are some of the most uncommon chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 3\/4\" bronze diamond-shaped earrings (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e a micro-photo of the chip, \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39358426021965,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_c4f3f7b6-4643-4ee1-82c1-14459e110b55.jpg?v=1623091242"},{"product_id":"item037-fiber-optic-communication-board-earrings-red-gold-silver","title":"Item037: Fiber Optic Communication Board Earrings -  Red, Gold, \u0026 Silver","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis earring set is made from an electronic circuit board. Once computer chips are completed, they are placed with other computer chips on a circuit board. The board’s function is to physically support the chips and connect them together. Boards are made in layers to allow the wires, or traces, to connect the desired chips together without touching each other. The more chips, the more layers and copper traces needed. These earrings are made from a fiber optics communications board. The board was made by Computer Automation Corp. in about 2012. It is unused and has not had any chips placed on it. The gold outlines mark the place where computer chips would be mounted.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\/2\" x 1\" stainless steel earrings (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39361020723277,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_024039bd-df1a-49f7-bfaf-5c450bf2d423.jpg?v=1623353395"},{"product_id":"item038-silicon-wafer-6502-microprocessor-pendant-wdc-mensch","title":"Item038: Silicon Wafer 6502 Microprocessor Pendant - WDC, Mensch","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Necklace\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant was made from a Western Design Center (WDC) silicon wafer that had 6502 microprocessors on it. Under this card is a micro-photo of one of the 6502s on the wafer. The original wafer was 8\" in diameter and was made in 1995. It had about 800 6502 microprocessor chips on it. The MOS 6502 designer, Bill Mensch, left MOS to found WDC in 1978 to focus on the 6502. Today, WDC is still making derivative versions of the 6502 microprocessor, even 16-bit versions. These microprocessors have been used in personal computers, video games, hand-held publishing devices, automobiles, and medical equipment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\" square stainless steel pendant (due to manufacturing differences your chip may look slightly different than the one pictured here), a 24\" stainless steel necklace, the 3\" photomicrograph of the microprocessor, and a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39362481946701,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_1d4b03e6-dd09-40b2-8faf-b84a4cce481c.jpg?v=1623496416"},{"product_id":"item039-computer-circuit-board-pendant-laptop-rectangle-blue-and-bronze","title":"Item039: Computer Circuit Board Pendant - Laptop, Rectangle, Blue and Bronze","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant is made from an upcycled computer circuit board. Once computer chips are completed, they are placed with other computer chips on a circuit board. The board’s function is to physically support the chips and connect them together. Boards are made in layers to allow the wires, or traces, to connect the desired chips together without touching each other. The more chips, the more layers and copper traces are needed. This board is from a complex laptop mainboard. Laptop boards must be small and lightweight. This one has multiple tiny chips, and other components (like capacitors, resistors, and inductors) mounted on it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1\"x1.5\" bronze pendant (due to manufacturing differences your board may look slightly different than the one pictured here), a 24\" bronze necklace, and a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39363129671757,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_89653b13-4ff5-4b94-a5b7-bcfac4e1c387.jpg?v=1623614486"},{"product_id":"item040-silicon-wafer-memory-chip-pendant-silver-purple-rainbow-colors-ramtron-fram","title":"Item040: Silicon Wafer Memory Chip Pendant -  Silver, Purple, Rainbow Colors, Ramtron, FRAM","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant was made from a piece of a silicon wafer. Silicon wafers are the foundation used to build computer chips. This silicon wafer had computer memory chips on it. These were a special kind of memory chip called a FRAM, Ferroelectric Random Access Memory. The original wafer was about 6” in diameter and was made by Ramtron in the 1990s and had about 2,756 chips. Each tiny rectangle on this pendant is a memory chip. There are about 192 chips. FRAM was created as an alternative to the EEPROM\/Flash nonvolatile chips. It appeared to be superior in almost every way. However, FRAM could not keep up with the density of EEPROM, and FRAM dropped from the technology landscape in the 2010s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe two-inch by one-inch silver-plated pendant (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e a 24\" silver-plated necklace, a ChipScape Artwork of a 0.5x0.5mm area of one of the chips, \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39365935038541,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_b214febc-d979-4ec2-8715-63296b01680a.jpg?v=1623842504"},{"product_id":"groovy-people-silicon-wafer-fram-ramtron","title":"Groovy People - Silicon Wafer, FRAM, Ramtron, Disco, Keep on Truckin'","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou are looking at microscopic circuits on a computer chip. Looking at these circuits is much like looking at clouds. Different people see different things. I named this artwork Groovy People because I saw four people walking towards me in the art style of the 1970's Keep on Truckin'. If you look closer, you might see that they all have dreadlocks, or you might see three ducks, in between the people, looking at you with binoculars :) The square piece of silicon wafer on the front of this artwork comes from a six-inch Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FRAM) silicon wafer (see the picture just below the text) made by Ramtron in the 1990s. The complete wafer had about 2,756 chips on it. This wafer piece has about 60 chips on it. Each tiny rectangle on this wafer piece is a memory chip. The picture at the bottom is a picture of one of these chips. The red rectangle on the chip is the area where the main artwork came from. This area of the chip is decoder logic used to access bits in the memory grids. FRAM was created as an alternative to the EEPROM\/Flash nonvolatile chips. It appeared to be superior in almost every way. However, FRAM could not keep up with the density of EEPROM, and FRAM dropped from the technology landscape in the 2010s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/IMG_0534_480x480.jpg?v=1628522334\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/IMG_0534_480x480.jpg?v=1628522334\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Chip_with_Rectangle_04ef4116-0afa-4f3d-88fd-3947d6ad8b89_480x480.jpg?v=1628522941\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39427993174093,"sku":"","price":70.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_a8f68ab4-22cc-4a8e-ac10-0fffacc99d47.jpg?v=1628522216"},{"product_id":"item043-silicon-wafer-computer-chip-pendant-purple-fire","title":"Item043: Silicon Wafer Computer Chip Pendant -  Purple \u0026 Fire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant was made with a piece of a 12” silicon wafer. This wafer had thousands of computer chips on it. Under this card is a micro-photo of a 0.1x0.1mm section of the wafer. This wafer was created with test chips on it. These custom logic test chips were made around 2010. The various types of computer chip test circuits allowed the maker to verify that the manufacturing process was working correctly. These test patterns can make some of the most colorful silicon wafers. The grids made by memory circuit and test logic refract light and create fire in the jewelry The circuits are created to test various standard circuit types. By creating known circuits with known behaviors, the manufacturing line can be tested for any functional problems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 2\"x1\" silver-plated pendant (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e a 24\" silver-plated necklace, a micro-photo of the computer chip, \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39444567687245,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_5040aecb-fe3b-4dc0-8e78-44ed948a0aa7.jpg?v=1629892559"},{"product_id":"welcome-extend-greetings-to-the-technical-and-not-for-your-home-or-office-warmer","title":"Welcome - Extend greetings to the technical, and not, for your home or office - Warmer","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWelcome is an artwork designed to greet your friends and family at your home or office. For the very technically initiated, this is intended as a literal shout out. The bit patterns spell “WELCOME,” upper case (the 6th bit is off for uppercase), in ASCII coding (and yes, we’re shouting). For the normal techie, they’ll figure it out even if they don’t read ASCII. For the non-technical person, they will ask questions, which is great! So, let’s talk about the artwork itself. The background is a faded picture of a Rockwell 6502 microprocessor. The chips in the corners are Rockwell 6531 64Kb modem chips used in the early days of the World Wide Web Internet. There are eight lead frames, or traces, on the sides and five across at the top and bottom. Each trace would be used in the making of a Dual-Inline-Package (DIP) chip. The chip die is placed in the center of the traces, wired to the traces, and covered in a resin rectangle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis version of Welcome uses slightly warmer colors for the background image.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39448147230797,"sku":"","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_e394a257-b047-4844-a080-b92841fc57d8.jpg?v=1630071829"},{"product_id":"item046-laptop-circuit-board-pendant-silver-blue-black-copper-cartouche","title":"Item046: Laptop Circuit Board Pendant -  Silver, Blue, Black, Copper, Cartouche","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant is made from an upcycled computer circuit board. Once computer chips are completed, they are placed with other computer chips on a circuit board. The board’s function is to physically support the chips and connect them together. Boards are made in layers to allow the wires, or traces, to connect the desired chips together without touching each other. The more chips, the more layers and copper traces needed. This laptop mainboard has multiple chips and other tiny components (like capacities, resistors, and inductors) mounted on it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe two-inch x 1\/2 inch silver-plated pendant (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e a 24\" silver-plated necklace, \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39452360147021,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_55a5ac61-7f89-4114-ac97-382de98db284.jpg?v=1630366325"},{"product_id":"silicon-wafer-computer-chip-art-star-trek-uss-enterprise-hitchcock-microprocessor-rockwell-4-inch","title":"Silicon Wafer - Computer Chip Art - Star Trek, USS Enterprise, Hitchcock, Microprocessor, Rockwell, 4 Inch","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis artwork celebrates the tiny Chip Art that computer chip designers would sometimes place on chips. It includes a wafer, images of the chip, and closeups of the art found on the chip. Read more below for more detailed information.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips and Chip Art\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eComputer chips start out as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. However, the silicon must be made very, very pure. The first step is to melt the sand, in a furnace that reaches about 3200F, to separate the silicon. The silicon is further purified in a process that creates 99.9999% pure silicon called polycrystalline silicon. The polysilicon is broken up into chunks. These chunks are melted in a crucible at about 2500F. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a cylinder of silicon. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers. These wafers are polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in a process called etching. The wafer is then sawed into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that serves to protect it and connect it to the outside world. It has been said that computer chips are the greatest value-added product in the world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the early days, chip-making companies gave their designers a fair amount of freedom in placing non-functional designs on the chips called Chip Art. Generally, chip dies are buried deep inside their packages, so no one would see these designs anyway, unless you’re a chip collector and start looking around. One of the most common things you will find is the initials of the chip designer. Also, you will find things like chip numbers, company logos, and dates. But, occasionally, you find something much more fun. Chip designers would sometimes do a little (I mean a few micrometers) artistic sketch of something near and dear to their hearts. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis wafer was made by Rockwell International in 1987. The wafer is 4\" in diameter. This wafer has about 83 Echo Cancelling computer chips on it. These chips were used in communications equipment to remove echoed or reflected signals. What makes this wafer special is the amount of Chip Art on it. The most recognizable Chip Art is of the Star Trek USS Enterprise with its phasers firing. The second Chip Art is the of Alfred Hitchcock. This image was taken from a silhouette of Hitchcock and Cary Grant on the set of the film Notorious. The Chip Art of the Echo with the international Not symbol refers to the function of the chip. The Chip Art of the little bug with the initials RHA are a bit of a mystery. I believe the bug is the Ceti Alpha V Eel from the Wrath of Kahn, but I haven’t been able to attribute the RHA initials. Alongside the Rockwell International logo, is an extended list of the people involved with the production of the chip. It lists first initial and last name, not just initials. The list is done in the style of Movie or TV show credits, like Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The last credit refers to the Leave to Beaver TV show. The theme for all of the Chip Art seems to be 1960 TV shows and movies. All of the Chip Art is visible to the naked eye on the large image in the center of the display. See if you can find them all (the bug shows up twice).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39514095124557,"sku":"","price":425.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_76f0a751-c8db-4f41-81cd-2da96372f2c4.jpg?v=1635072011"},{"product_id":"intel-4004-the-worlds-first-microprocessor-p4004-portrait","title":"Intel 4004 - The World's First Microprocessor - P4004, Portrait","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe 4004 provided the basic building blocks that are still found in today's microcomputers: the arithmetic and logic unit and the control unit. The 4-bit Intel 4004 ran at a clock speed of 108 kHz and contained 2300 transistors. It processed data in 4 bits, but its instructions were 8 bits long. The 4004 addressed up to 1,024 bits of program memory and up to 4,096 bits of data memory. It had sixteen 4-bit (or eight 8-bit) general-purpose registers, and an instruction set containing 46 instructions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Intel 4004 was a Harvard architecture microprocessor with separate program and data address spaces. The program data for the 4004 was held in the Intel 4001 ROM (Read Only Memory). The 4001 had 2048 bits of memory. It was organized as 256 8-bit words. The working memory of an Intel 4004 system was provided by the Intel 4002 RAM (Random Access Memory). The 4002 had 320 bits of memory. It was organized as 4 registers of twenty 4-bit characters. The 4004 allowed for four banks of two 4002-1s and two 4002-2s. The Intel 4003 was a multi-function I\/O device for the Intel 4004. The 4003 contained one shift register of 10-bits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe 4004 chip die was 1\/8th inch wide by 1\/6th inch long. This small microprocessor had more computing power than the first electronic computer, the ENIAC, which occupied 3,000 cubic feet and weighed 30 tons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39553889599565,"sku":"","price":275.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_694b48ed-5bec-46c8-923b-33e00411242a.jpg?v=1637027863"},{"product_id":"item052-amd-ati-rv620-terascale-gpu-necklace-bronze-dark-green-silver","title":"Item052: AMD\/ATI RV620 Terascale Radeon GPU Necklace - Bronze, Dark Green, Silver","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subject of this pendant is a computer chip known as a Flip Chip. In the early days, chips were connected to the leads of the package with gold interconnect wires. Flip Chips skip the wires and have tiny balls of solder attached directly to the chips. The chip is flipped over, face down, and the chip is vibrated until the solder melts, attaching it directly to the package’s leads. This pendant was created from a turn-of-the-century AMD Athlon microprocessor. The pink\/blue square is the chip itself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe square bronze 1\" pendant (these are handmade pendants, yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here), a 24\" bronze necklace, and a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39591096451149,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_e209a135-b9e7-4643-aca9-8897221a1497.jpg?v=1641407048"},{"product_id":"the-mos-6502-the-hobbyists-microprocessor-rare-mcs6502-version","title":"The MOS 6502 - The Hobbyist's Microprocessor Rare MCS6502 Version","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis artwork is a mixed media display celebrating the MOS 6502. The artwork is one-of-kind displaying a MOS MCS6502 (the only one I have). This chip was made in the 3rd week of 1977. The MCS packaging of the 6502 is very rare using white ceramic and gold. The chip has been tested and is fully functional. The chip is in excellent condition (see pictures above).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe 6502 processor introduced in 1975, was MOS’ first successful product. Although influenced by the design philosophy of the Motorola 6800, the 6502 is clearly a different and more advanced chip design. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis artwork includes three major elements. It has a large image of a MOS 6502 chip. On the back is a narrative describing the artwork and the 6502, and the artist’s signature. Also, included is a MOS 6502 chip in white ceramic with gold leads. This fully functional chip is mounted and is surrounded by an enlarged diagram of the chip with the electrical signal designations for each of its leads.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eThis artwork is unique. The chip in the pictures is the chip you will receive.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39592849145933,"sku":"","price":2600.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_0f6ef07d-c085-408f-ada5-2a88709e227c.jpg?v=1641825230"},{"product_id":"rockwell-t-1-communication-chip-silicon-wafers-r8050-r8060-4-100mm","title":"Rockwell T-1 Communication Chip Silicon Wafers - R8050, R8060, 4\", 100mm","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduced in the 1960s, AT\u0026amp;T's T-1 carriers were the first high-speed, long-distance digital communications lines. The T-1 would allow 24 64Kbs data channels to be transmitted over two phone company twisted copper wire pairs. The total bandwidth was 1.5Mps. In the 1980s and 1990s, T-1s were the basic building blocks of the Internet. In the early 1980s, Rockwell introduced the first LSI computer chips that dramatically reduced the number of devices needed and the costs required for building T-1 transmitting and receiving equipment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT-1 Serial Transmitter - Rockwell R8050\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe R8050 formatted data streams to be serially transmitted according to T-1 specifications. It inserted bits to create frames for the data and address one of the 24 available channels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT-1 Serial Receiver - Rockwell R8060\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe R8060 received the T-1 data stream. It then extracted data from the frames and reassembled the original data streams. It was also responsible for detecting data transmission errors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Voice Communications and T-1 Lines\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS) twisted-pair lines were analog and designed to handle frequencies up to 3kHz, about the range of the human voice. As modems and the digital world came about, bits per second became the measure of capacity. A POTS line could transmit up to 64 kbps and became the standard measure for all digital communications. The T-1 was designed to handle long-distance (which required two twisted-pair lines) and supported 24 digital voice channels. As more information data vs. voice data began being transmitted with IT networks and the beginnings of the W3 Internet, the total bandwidth of the T-1, 1.5mbps, was commonly referenced. As data capacity requirements increased, additional digital long-distance capacities have been developed, such as the T-3 43mbps (28 T-1s), OC-3 155 mbps (84 T-1s), OC-12 622 mbps (4 OC-3s), OC-48 - 2.5 gbps (4 OC-12s), and OC-192 - 9.6 gbps (4 OC-48s).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Silicon Wafers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of the two four-inch silicon wafers was made by Rockwell International in the early1980s. The transmit wafer has about 1,080 R8050 chips on it, and the receiver has about 380 R8060 chips. The R8060 was a larger chip due to the memory areas needed to reassemble the incoming data streams. Even today, genuine R8050 and R8060 chips still sell for over $10. At 1400 total chips on the wafers, these wafers would have a $14,000 value (given 100% yield). Back in the 1980s, they would have sold for much more.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a silicon cylinder. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in an etching process. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39599978905677,"sku":"","price":175.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_2c20a75c-ffac-494d-ae34-3606c7ced5a9.jpg?v=1643246473"},{"product_id":"rockwell-t-1-communication-chip-silicon-wafer-r8070-transceiver-4-100mm","title":"Rockwell T-1 Communication Chip Silicon Wafer - R8070, Transceiver, 4\", 100mm","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout T-1 Communication Lines\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduced in the 1960s, AT\u0026amp;T's T-1 carriers were the first high-speed, long-distance digital communications lines. The T-1 would allow 24 64Kbs data channels to be transmitted over two phone company twisted copper wire pairs. The total bandwidth was 1.5Mps. In the 1980s and 1990s, T-1s were the basic building blocks of the Internet. In the early 1980s, Rockwell introduced the first LSI computer chips that dramatically reduced the number of devices needed and the costs required for building T-1 transmitting and receiving equipment. The chips on this wafer were R8070 T-1 transceiver chips. These advanced chips could transmit and receive T-1 signals. The chip below the wafer is a completed R8070 chip mounted in a QUad-Inline Package (QUIP).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Voice Communications and T-1 Lines\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis four-inch silicon wafer was made by Rockwell International in 1984. The R8070 wafer has about 138 R8070 chips on it. The right 1\/3 of the chip is the transmitter logic and the left 2\/3s is the receiver logic. The receiver logic was larger due to the memory areas needed to reassemble the incoming data streams. Even today, genuine R8070 chips still sell for over $10. At 135 total chips on the wafers, this wafer would have a $1,300 value (given 100% yield). Back in the 1980s, they would have sold for much more. The transmitter logic formatted data streams to be serially transmitted according to T-1 specifications. It inserted bits to create frames for the data and address one of the 24 available channels. The receiver logic received the T-1 data stream. It then extracted data from the frames and reassembled the original data streams. It was also responsible for detecting data transmission errors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Silicon Wafer and the R8070 Chip\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis four-inch silicon wafer was made by Rockwell International in 1984. The R8070 wafer has about 138 R8070 chips on it. The right 1\/3 of the chip is the transmitter logic and the left 2\/3s is the receiver logic. The receiver logic was larger due to the memory areas needed to reassemble the incoming data streams. Even today, genuine R8070 chips still sell for over $10. At 135 total chips on the wafers, this wafer would have a $1,300 value (given 100% yield). Back in the 1980s, they would have sold for much more. The transmitter logic formatted data streams to be serially transmitted according to T-1 specifications. It inserted bits to create frames for the data and address one of the 24 available channels. The receiver logic received the T-1 data stream. It then extracted data from the frames and reassembled the original data streams. It was also responsible for detecting data transmission errors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39599981920333,"sku":"","price":175.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_f87c0eef-989a-4743-b7ce-4f6fb968cafb.jpg?v=1643247570"},{"product_id":"field-programmable-gate-array-fpga-silicon-wafer-6-150mm","title":"Field Programmable Gate Array - FPGA Silicon Wafer, 6\", 150mm","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout FPGAs\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe acronym FPGA stands for Field Programmable Gate Array. It is an integrated circuit that can be programmed by a user for a specific use in the comfort of their own home or office. FPGAs consist of logical modules connected by routing channels. Each module is made up of a programmable lookup table used to control the elements that each cell consists of and perform logical functions of the elements that make up the cell. The photo to the right is a single cell of the FPGA chip on this silicon wafer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Silicon Wafer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis six-inch silicon wafer was made by GateField Corp in 1997. The wafer has 43 large, 14mm x 18mm, chips on it. These are ProASIC GF260F FPGA chips. Each chip had over 300,000 gate array equivalents. Each chip had non-volatile flash technology to retain programming during power cycles. These chips sold for about $600 in today's dollars. At 43 total chips on the wafer, this wafer would have a $25,000 value (given 100% yield). Most people might not recognize the name GateField. It is because GateField was acquired by Actel (2000), who was acquired by Microsemi (2010), who was acquired by Microchip Technology (2018). Many of the 20th-century semiconductor companies were swallowed by their competitors or other larger semiconductor companies that wanted to expand into new technology areas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a silicon cylinder. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in an etching process. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout ChipScapes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChipScapeTM artworks are pictures taken of computer chips, sort of microscopic chip landscapes, or ChipScapes for short. This artwork was created by photographing computer chips on this silicon wafer using a microscope and special lighting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39602612633677,"sku":"","price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_a969800f-4a5f-4996-9d59-f594ce17942e.jpg?v=1643642054"},{"product_id":"the-fairchild-2n1613-the-first-planar-transistor","title":"The Fairchild 2N1613 - The First Planar Transistor","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis artwork is a mixed media display celebrating the first planar transistor. The planar transistor is not a type of transistor in terms of function but refers to the manufacturing process. At Fairchild Semiconductor, Jean Hoerni invented the planar transistor in 1959. The Fairchild 2N1613 planar junction transistor was introduced in 1960. Prior to the planar transistor, transistors were created in crystal formations that were somewhat three-dimensional. The planar transistor was created in a more two-dimensional, or planar, fashion that was easier to manufacture and had a much longer lifetime. The transistor was built with layers of doped silicon and aluminum. Layers of silicon dioxide were used as insulators and guides for etching. The invention of the planar transistor was the quantum jump in technology needed to create the silicon integrated circuit. It was a natural extension when Robert Noyce used Hoerni's method to connect multiple transistors together to create an integrated circuit on a single piece of silicon. Planar technology can be used to implement most types of transistors, including Bipolar and MOSFET.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis artwork includes 3 major items. It has an image of the internals (inside the can) of the transistor. On the back are the artist’s signature and a narrative describing the artwork and the Bipolar Junction Transistor. Also, the artwork includes a Fairchild 2N1613 Transistor. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis particular 2N1613 was developed for the military and bears the JAN (Joint Army-Navy specification) marking. The 2N1613 was specifically developed as a high-speed switch. Later planar transistors would be developed for other applications; the geometry of the transistor dictated its electrical and switching characteristics. The 2N1613 is designed as concentric circles in a teardrop shape.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 11\"x14\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique. The game title in the photographs is on the one you will receive.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39604844363853,"sku":"","price":385.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_7084319b-b14b-4e1c-9ba7-66653be7f926.jpg?v=1644088305"},{"product_id":"item056-graphics-chip-cuff-links-s3-graphics-gpu","title":"Item056: Graphics Chip Cuff Links - S3 Graphics, GPU","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant is made from an upcycled 2008 S3 Graphics processor chip. S3 Graphics was a graphics chips company in California that was founded in 1989. Over the years they produced numerous chipsets like the legendary S3 Trio and S3 Savage GPUs. The Chrome 440 was produced in 2008. The Chrome 400 series was codenamed 'Destination'. The chips were manufactured by Fujitsu. The 440 ran at 800MHz and had entry-level graphics capabilities. Because the processor is a Flip Chip, you are looking at the backside of the processor; it’s mounted face down.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\" chip mounted on stainless steel cuff links (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39639569629261,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_4fe928af-a5d4-4e76-948f-c77dda82371f.jpg?v=1648052454"},{"product_id":"item057-apple-cpu-cuff-links-motorola-powerpc-canada","title":"Item057: Apple CPU Cuff Links - Motorola, PowerPC, Canada","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese cuff links are made from upcycled 1990s Apple microprocessor chips. These were used in several Apple computers. Technically it is an 800MHz PowerPC 750 microprocessor. The processor was made by IBM in Canada (says so right on the front). Because the processor is a Flip Chip, you are looking at the backside of the processor; it’s mounted face down. However, the chemical process of making the chip gives it a pink or teal hue that changes somewhat with the light.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\" chip mounted on stainless steel cuff links (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39639579754573,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_499d88b1-213a-4149-b992-7c3274d8db1c.jpg?v=1648052884"},{"product_id":"item059-silicon-wafer-computer-chip-tie-tack-yellow-fire-tie-clip-tie-pin","title":"Item059: Silicon Wafer Computer Chip Tie Tack -  Yellow \u0026 Fire - Tie Clip, Tie Pin, Lapel pin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Jewelry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis tie tack was made from a piece of a 12” silicon wafer. This wafer had thousands of computer chips on it. Under this card is a micro-photo of a 0.1x0.1mm section of the wafer. On this wafer were computer chips created to make some tool or machine smart. This wafer had thousands of chips on it. Today, the vast majority of chips created are unique chips used for a specific purpose. We call these chips Application Specific Integrated Circuits or ASICs. These chips are made for vehicles, vending machines, appliances, tools, toys, phones, cameras, etc. Any machine that is smart has one or more of these chips in it. A car can have hundreds of computer chips in it. This wafer piece in the pedant has about eight computer chips on it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded in the resealable bag:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 5\/8\" stainless-steel Tie Tack with butterfly back (since these are handmade yours may look slightly different than the one pictured here, but satisfaction is guaranteed),\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e a micro-photo of the computer chip, \u003cspan\u003eand a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry (see the picture).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39639588798541,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_2b48db58-a450-4b3e-aeff-6d1efc3a8a51.jpg?v=1648053284"},{"product_id":"rockwell-tri-port-memory-chip-silicon-wafer-r8040-4-100mm-triport-t1","title":"Rockwell Tri-port Memory Chip Silicon Wafer, R8040 - 4\", 100mm, Triport, T-1","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Rockwell R8040 Tri-Port Memory Chip\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe R8040 Tri-Port Memory chip was designed to support Rockwell's T-1 communication chips: the R8050, R8060, and R8070. The R8040 is designed to function as an assembly point and temporary storage area for 8-bit T-1 data. It provides 64 8-bit locations of on-chip random access memory, which can be accessed randomly or sequentially. Referring to the narrative on the back of the artwork, to the top-right is an image of a single R8040 chip. The chip is divided into upper and lower memory banks. The artwork was made from the area of the chip in the red rectangle. This area includes several memory cells and the interconnect logic that runs through the center between the two banks. Inside the red rectangle is a much smaller yellow rectangle. This bug-like pattern repeats throughout the memory banks. The lower picture to the right is from the artwork and is the area inside the yellow rectangle. This structure is four bits of memory. If you quarter the rectangle, each of these structures is a single bit of memory.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Voice Communications and T-1 Lines\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOriginally Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS) twisted-pair lines were analog and designed to handle frequencies up to 3kHz, about the range of the human voice. As modems and the digital world came about, bits per second became the measure of capacity. A POTS line could transmit up to 64 kbps and became the standard measure for all digital communications. The T-1 was designed to handle long-distance (which required two twisted-pair lines) and supported 24 digital voice channels. As more information data vs. voice data began being transmitted with IT networks and the beginnings of the W3 Internet, the total bandwidth of the T-1, 1.5mbps, was commonly referenced. As data capacity requirements increased, additional digital long-distance capacities have been developed, such as the T-3 43mbps (28 T-1s), OC-3 155 mbps (84 T-1s), OC-12 622 mbps (4 OC-3s), OC-48 - 2.5 gbps (4 OC-12s), and OC-192 - 9.6 gbps (4 OC-48s).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Silicon Wafer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis four-inch silicon wafer was made by Rockwell International in the early 1980s. The wafer has about 350 R8040 tri-port memory chips on it. Even today, genuine R8040 chips still sell for over $25. This wafer would have an $8,000 value (given 100% yield). Back in the 1980s, they would have sold for much more.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a silicon cylinder. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in an etching process. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39640755273805,"sku":"","price":125.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_16aab681-e037-44f7-b0a8-de587c345997.jpg?v=1648310451"},{"product_id":"ibm-system-360-5-processor-logic-circuit-boards-slt-solid-logic-technology","title":"IBM System\/360 - 5 Processor Logic Circuit Boards - SLT, Solid Logic Technology","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis artwork celebrates the creation of the IBM System\/360 computer family. The IBM System\/360 was one of the most significant milestones in the computer industry. The myriad of new technology firsts is amazing. The background of this artwork is the control panel of an IBM System\/360. It includes five processor logic cards that were used in the System\/360 CPU. The second card is identical to the first but has had the aluminum covers removed so the circuit logic can be seen. The second two cards include true integrated circuits made especially for the System\/360 by Texas Instruments and Sylvania. The back of the artwork has lots of information on the System\/360 and its importance to the computer industry. Also, pictures and information take one of the Solid Logic Technology (SLT) chips and explains the physical chip, and compare it to its logical circuit diagram.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39671251238989,"sku":"","price":750.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_417e9a99-6ec6-44cc-b5e4-1c014e7f2971.jpg?v=1651743800"},{"product_id":"ibm-system-360-processor-logic-circuit-boards-magnetic-core-slt-fabrication-paperweight","title":"IBM System\/360 - Processor Logic Circuit Boards, Magnetic Core, \u0026 SLT Fabrication Paperweight - One of a Kind","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis artwork celebrates the creation of the IBM System\/360 computer family. The IBM System\/360 was one of the most significant milestones in the computer industry. The myriad of new technology firsts is amazing. The background of this artwork is the control panel of an IBM System\/360. It includes three processor logic cards that were used in the System\/360 CPU. The second card is identical to the first but has had the aluminum covers removed so the circuit logic can be seen. The Bottom card includes true integrated circuits made especially for the System\/360 by Texas Instruments. The artwork also includes a Solid Logic Technology (SLT) paperweight that shows the major steps of fabricating SLTs. The back of the artwork has lots of information on the System\/360 and its importance to the computer industry. Also, pictures and information take one of the Solid Logic Technology (SLT) chips and explains the physical chip, and compare it to its logical circuit diagram. Magnetic Core technology is also explained.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming: \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is 9\"x20\" in a black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  This is a one of kind artwork. This is the artwork you will receive.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39674252689485,"sku":"","price":1000.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_6f17eab6-55d8-4f6e-88c8-1b0e82ab2d45.jpg?v=1652477021"},{"product_id":"item060-ibm-cpu-chip-pendant-ibm-4300-cpu-fpga-logic-chips","title":"Item060: IBM CPU Chip Pendant - IBM 4300 CPU FPGA Logic Chips","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Necklace\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant is made from an upcycled 1990s IBM 4300 mainframe series CPU logic chip. There are six individual chips. Each is a Field Programmable Array with custom logic for the 4300 series CPU. The chip dies are mounted face down on the ceramic package. Each of the chip's connection points had a tiny ball of solder placed on it. The chip is placed on the ceramic package, with all the traces, so that the solder lines up with the traces. The chip was vibrated very fast and the solder melted connecting it to the ceramic package. The gold\/ brown color \"varnish\" on the package that makes it look vintage is actually a protective coating that IBM put on.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\" square bronze pendant (due to manufacturing differences, your chip may look slightly different than the one pictured here), a 24\" bronze chain necklace, and a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39698592890957,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/A_7c94610e-e4d9-4ed4-a65b-9b8a12aa67bc.jpg?v=1762003809"},{"product_id":"item061-ibm-cpu-chip-pendant-ibm-4300-cpu-fpga-logic-chip-single-chip","title":"Item061: IBM CPU Chip Pendant - IBM 4300 CPU FPGA Logic Chip - Single Chip","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Necklace\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pendant is made from an upcycled 1990s IBM 4300 mainframe series CPU logic chip. The chip is at the center. It is a Field Programmable Array with custom logic for the 4300 series CPU. The chip die is mounted face down on the ceramic package. Each of the chip's connection points had a tiny ball of solder placed on it. The chip is placed on the ceramic package, with all the traces, so that the solder lined up with the traces. The chip was vibrated very fast and the solder melted connecting it to the ceramic package. The gold\/ brown color \"varnish\" on the package that makes it look vintage is actually a protective coating that IBM put on.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003eThe 1\" square bronze pendant (due to manufacturing differences your chip may look slightly different than the one pictured here), a 16\"-32\" double slipknot adjustable leather necklace, and a ChipScapes card that gives information about this jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39704048894029,"sku":"","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_b6a3c065-aa60-4d1e-b825-d08c80b21930.jpg?v=1657369546"},{"product_id":"intel-1702-worlds-first-eprom-gargoyle-c1702a","title":"Intel 1702 - World's First EPROM - Gargoyle - C1702A","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis artwork was created by micro-photographing a small section of the 1702 EPROM computer chip. To the bottom is an image of the 1702 chip. The yellow box indicates where the picture was taken. I have titled the artwork Gargoyle for its dark primitive look. The Intel 1702 is the world’s first EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). In the early 70’s, before DVD’s, CD’s, hard disks, and even diskettes, programmers had a real challenge in storing data in small computers when they were turned off. RAM (Random Access Memory) chips were great for storing information, but all bits were reset to zero when the power was turned off. At that time, data and programs were stored on ROMs (Read Only Memory) chips that had to be created in chip making factories. If the data or program needed to be changed, a new chip would have to be ordered, which could take months for delivery. EPROM’s can be programmed electronically to any bit pattern and they will hold those patterns for 30 plus years. However, when strong UV (Ultraviolet) light is shined on the chip, the bits are reset to zero, with no factory involvement at all. These are 2048 bit EPROMS organized (a tiny fraction by today’s standards). These chips were used in some of the earliest computers that used the Intel 4004, 8008, and 8080 microprocessors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Back_Image_240x240.jpg?v=1659452847\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x 8\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39729856315469,"sku":"","price":95.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/IMG_3047.jpg?v=1659453010"},{"product_id":"just-a-two-bit-adder-the-motorola-mc353g-half-adder","title":"Just a Two-Bit Adder - The Motorola MC353G Half Adder","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eThis artwork is based on a micro-image of one of the very first computer chips. The actual chip is in the lower left corner of the artwork, and it's over fifty years old. This was a chip that could add two bits of information. The picture below shows an x-ray view of the chip. The \"chip\" that you see is actually the package for the true chip. The silicon computer chip is attached to a Header and covered by the Can, so you can't see it. It is protected in the package and is connected to the outside world with Interconnect Wires that attach the chip's pads to the Leads that allow the package to be plugged into a circuit board. This MC353 Half Adder chip was made by Motorola.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Chip_240x240.jpg?v=1659453918\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Chip_240x240.jpg?v=1659453918\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Half Adder\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eThe 353 chip contains a simple circuit called a Half Adder (HA). The simple circuit uses XOR and AND logic gates. The circuit takes bits, A \u0026amp; B, adds them together for a sum, S, and possibly a carry, C. HAs can be attached to each other to add muli-bit numbers. For example let's assume we have two binary numbers we want to add. A is 01 and B is 11. The first HA would handle the one's position and add A=1 and B=1. The outputs would be the sum, S = 0, and a carry C = 1. Now we need another HA to the add the carry to the two's position. First, add the carry, C = 1, to A's two position, A = 0, the output is S = 0, and the new carry is, C = 0. With a third HA we add the B's two position, B = 1 and the carry, C = 0, the output is S = 1, and the new carry is, C = 0. So, taking all the HA bits, the result of adding 01 + 11 is 0100. Luckily there are better circuits for adding big numbers.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Circuit_240x240.jpg?v=1659453923\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" size=\"2\" data-mce-style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39729918902349,"sku":"","price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/IMG_3041.jpg?v=1659454212"},{"product_id":"hold-on-to-that-bit-the-motorola-mc358-j-k-flip-flop","title":"Hold That Bit - The Motorola MC358 J-K Flip-Flop","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eThis artwork is based on a micro-image of one of the very first computer chips. The actual chip is in the lower left corner of the artwork, and it's over fifty years old. This was a chip that could store a single bit of information. The picture below shows an x-ray view of the chip. The \"chip\" that you see is actually the package for the true chip. The silicon computer chip is attached to a Header and covered by the Can, so you can't see it. It is protected in the package and is connected to the outside world with Interconnect Wires that attach the chip's pads to the Leads (the tops of three of the leads are visible at the left side of the image) that allow the package to be plugged into a circuit board. This MC358A J-K Flip-Flop chip was made by Motorola.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Chip_240x240.jpg?v=1659453918\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Chip_240x240.jpg?v=1659453918\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the J-K Flip Flop\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eThe 358 chip contains a simple circuit called a J-K Flip-Flop. Flip Flops used sequential logic and were bistable. The J-K Flip Flop is the most common and useful of the Flip Flop Circuits. Flip-Flops consisted of a couple of transistors and had the ability to remember its current state until it was reset, so in effect it was a storage device. In fact, Flip-Flops were the basis of the memory chips to come. A J-K Flip Flop logic circuit can be seen to the right. The J-K Flip Flop is constructed with four NAND logic gates. The J and K inputs labels were selected by the J-K Flip Flops inventor, Jack Kilby. Kilby was also one of the inventors of the integrated circuit.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Circuit_089b6657-5126-4b1c-9958-37fa7ecef08b_240x240.jpg?v=1659454596\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan size=\"2\" face=\"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\" data-mce-style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39729950949453,"sku":"","price":65.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_667115d1-5343-4568-a75b-a6a6d7ec1107.jpg?v=1659894514"},{"product_id":"computer-chips-on-a-wafer-chrontel-silicon-wafer-6-150mm","title":"Computer Chips on a Wafer - Chrontel Silicon Wafer, 6\", 150mm","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Silicon Wafer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis six-inch silicon wafer was made by Chrontel, Inc. in 1994. The wafer has over 2,800 computer chips on it, each 2mm square. These chips are Chrontel CT195s. These chips allowed a personal computer's inside digital world to interface to the real outside analog world. These chips sold for about $7.50 in today's dollars. At 2,800 total chips on the wafer, this wafer would have a about $30,000 value (given 100% yield).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBelow are more pictures of the chip on this wafer. The top right picture is a black and white picture of a whole chip. The picture below it is of the area contained in the small red rectangle in the upper picture. This area has circuitry that is similar to the rest of the chip. The yellow lines are traces. Traces are the wires that connect the various part of the circuit together. There are many transistors in the picture but they are difficult to see since they are built in a vertical fashion. This wafer was fabricated with at least ten layers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/files\/Closeup_240x240.jpg?v=1659455074\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout Making Computer Chips\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a silicon cylinder. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in an etching process. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39729976606797,"sku":"","price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_dac4a104-3e4a-4ef5-b5aa-387c5b015399.jpg?v=1659893394"},{"product_id":"rare-1960s-1-6-silicon-wafer-mullard-fch211-nand-nor-sextuple-inverter-39mm","title":"Rare 1960s 1.6\" Silicon Wafer - Mullard FCH211 NAND\/NOR Sextuple Inverter - 39mm","description":"\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout this Artwork:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogic chips were the first computer chips. The Mullard FCH211 logic chip was produced in the mid-1960s. The FCH211 was a NAND\/NOR Sextuple Inverter Gate. The name is a mouthful, and it was a very advanced and flexible chip, providing three logic functions for 6 inputs and outputs. There are about 480 DTL Mullard FCH211 logic chips on this silicon wafer. The artwork on the front shows individual chips on the wafer. The FCH211 had 6 transistors, 15 diodes, and 6 resistors on each chip.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe logic diagram to the right (on back of artwork) shows the circuit for the FCH211 logic chip. It is interesting to compare this logic diagram with the actual physical chip implementation on the front of the artwork. The input and output connections are identified on both the physical chip and the logic diagram.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUnless you are versed on chip design, you might not be able to recognize the diodes, transistors, and resistors in the FCH211 chip image on the front of the artwork. The images below (on back of artwork) provide a quick legend for identifying them. On the left is a diode that allows electricity to flow in one direction. In the middle is a transistor which is an electrically controlled switch. And to the furthest right is a resistor that impedes electrical flow (in the picture the resistor is vertical, however an unrelated trace is passing over it in the center going left to right).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMaking Computer Chips:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer chips start as ordinary sand, which is silicon dioxide. The first step is to melt the sand in a furnace that reaches about 3200o F. The silicon is purified to create 99.9999% pure silicon. The silicon is broken up into chunks and melted in a crucible. A silicon crystal seed is dipped in molten silicon and slowly drawn out to create a silicon cylinder. These silicon cylinders are some of the purest crystals on the planet. Once the silicon cylinder is grown to the desired diameter, it is sawed into wafers and polished to achieve a very flat mirror surface. Transistors, and other microelectronic parts, are built on the polished wafer in layers in an etching process. The wafer is then sawed\/diced into its individual chips. Each chip is mounted in an electronic package that protects it and connects it to the outside world. We essentially take a pile of sand and change it into thousands of dollars worth of computer chips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFraming:  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe artwork is framed in an 8\"x10\" black shadow box frame, with glass. All framing materials are acid-free. A narrative about the artwork that includes the artist’s signature is placed on the back of the artwork.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease note:  \u003c\/strong\u003eThe look of the artifacts in the artworks may vary, each piece is unique.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ChipScapes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39738339852365,"sku":"","price":175.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0237\/3389\/5245\/products\/A_b205492a-17ac-4e1e-aed2-a0570866c890.jpg?v=1659892688"}],"url":"https:\/\/chipscapes.com\/collections\/new-and-exciting\/2n22.oembed","provider":"ChipScapes","version":"1.0","type":"link"}